Donepezil
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| (RS)-2-[(1-benzyl-4-piperidyl)methyl]- 5,6-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 120014-06-4 |
| ATC code | N06DA02 |
| PubChem | CID 3152 |
| DrugBank | APRD00039 |
| ChemSpider | 3040 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C24H29NO3 |
| Mol. mass | 379.492 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 100 (%) |
| Protein binding | 96% |
| Half-life | 70 hours |
| Excretion | 0,11-0,13 (l/h/kg) |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | ? |
| Legal status | ℞ Prescription only |
| Routes | Oral tablet, 5,10 & 23mg |
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Donepezil (also misspelled donezepil), marketed under the trade name Aricept by its developer Eisai and partner Pfizer, is a centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.1 Its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine. Its binding to the acetylcholinesterase can be seen at Proteopedia 1eve. It has an oral bioavailability of 100% and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Because it has a half life of about 70 hours, it can be taken once a day. Initial dose is 5 mg per day, which can be increased to 10 mg per day after an adjustment period of at least 4 weeks, and then after 3 months can be titrated to 23mg if needed.
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Studies in Alzheimer's disease
Currently, there is no definitive proof that use of donepezil or other similar agents alters the course or progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, 6-12 month controlled studies have shown modest benefits in cognition and/or behavior, such as one published in 1999.2 Pilot studies have reported that donepezil therapy may potentially have effects on markers of disease progression, such as hippocampal volume. Therefore, many neurologists, psychiatrists, and primary care physicians use donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In 2005, the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) withdrew its recommendation for use of the drug for mild-to-moderate AD, on the basis that there is no significant improvement in functional outcome; of quality of life or of behavioral symptoms. However, NICE revised its guidelines to suggest that donepezil be used in moderate stage patients for whom the evidence is strongest. It is currently not licensed for Alzheimer's disease in the UK at any other stage.3
While the drug is currently indicated for mild to moderate Alzheimer's, there is also evidence from 2 trials that it may be effective for moderate to severe disease. An example of this is a Karolinska Institute paper published in The Lancet in early 2006, which states that donepezil improves cognitive function even in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease symptoms.4
Combinations
Donepezil is sometimes usedcitation needed in combination with memantine, a newer agent for Alzheimer's disease, as the response to both together is considered superior to donepezil alone. In moderate to severe Alzheimer's, a controlled clinical trial has shown that the addition of memantine to stable donepezil therapy improves cognition, functioning and behavior.citation needed
Uses for other conditions
Donepezil has been tested in other cognitive disorders (and is sometimes used off label) including Lewy body dementia5 and vascular dementia,6 but it is not currently approved for these indications. Donepezil has been found to improve sleep apnea in Alzheimer's patients.7
Donepezil has also been studied in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, post-coronary bypass cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment associated with multiple sclerosis, CADASIL, and Down syndrome. A 3 year NIH trial in patients with mild cognitive impairment reported that donepezil was superior to placebo in delaying rate of progression to dementia during the initial 18 months of the study but this was not sustained at 36 months. In a secondary analysis, a subgroup of individuals with the Apolipoprotein E4 genotype showed sustained benefits with donepezil throughout the study. However at this time donepezil is not indicated for prevention of dementia.
Recent studies suggest that Donepezil can improve speech in children with autism. The studies found that speech of autistic children who were mild to moderately affected appeared to improve from the use of Donepezil.89
Relationship to class and placebo
Donepezil is generally better tolerated than others in its class, simpler to use, and the agent with the most number of well controlled clinical trials. Common side effects include bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, and vivid dreams. In 2006, Eisai, the manufacturer issued a statement that a single vascular dementia study found a difference in the percent of study participants who died in the donepezil group (1.7%) versus the placebo group (0%) and that this could be due to an unusually low death rate on the placebo group. An analysis of all three Vascular Dementia trials, according to Eisai, "shows no statistically significant differences in observed mortality rates between the donepezil and placebo groups (1.7% vs. 1.1%)". A physician has reported several cases of mania.10
Use in the general population
In July 2002, a pilot study reported that donepezil improves the memory of aging pilots. The researchers trained pilots in a flight simulator to perform specific maneuvers and to respond to emergencies that developed during their mock flight, after giving half the pilots donepezil and half a placebo. One month later they retested the pilots and found that those who had taken the donepezil remembered their training better, as shown by improved performance. The limitations to the study included a small sample base and side effects- which included diarrhea and vomiting.11
See also
- Dimebon
- Memantine
References
- ^ Birks J, Harvey RJ (2006). "Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD001190. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub2. PMID 16437430.
- ^ Steele LS, Glazier RH (April 1999). "Is donepezil effective for treating Alzheimer's disease?". Can Fam Physician 45: 917–9. PMID 10216789.
- ^ Xiong G, Doraiswamy PM (2005). "Combination drug therapy for Alzheimer's disease: what is evidence-based, and what is not?". Geriatrics 60 (6): 22–6. PMID 15948662.
- ^ "Drug 'treats severe Alzheimer's'". BBC News. 2006-03-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4832574.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Rojas-Fernandez CH (February 2001). "Successful use of donepezil for the treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies". Ann Pharmacother 35 (2): 202–5. doi:10.1345/aph.10192. PMID 11215841. http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11215841.
- ^ Malouf R, Birks J (2004). "Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004395. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004395.pub2. PMID 14974068.
- ^ Moraes W, Poyares D, Sukys-Claudino L, Guilleminault C, Tufik S (March 2008). "Donepezil improves obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Chest 133 (3): 677–83. doi:10.1378/chest.07-1446. PMID 18198262. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18198262.
- ^ "Alzheimer's Drug Shows Promise As Treatment for Autism -- Arehart-Treichel". Psychiatric News (pn.psychiatryonline.org). 2001-11-16. http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/36/22/16-a. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ Donepezil hydrochloride: a double-blind study in autistic children
- ^ Benazzi F (November 1999). "Mania associated with donepezil". J Psychiatry Neurosci 24 (5): 468–9. PMID 10586539.
- ^ Yesavage JA, Mumenthaler MS, Taylor JL, et al. (2002). "Donepezil and flight simulator performance: effects on retention of complex skills". Neurology 59 (1): 123–5. PMID 12105320.
External links
- Brenner, George D.; George M., PhD. Brenner (2000). Pharmacology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7757-6.
- Acting Editor-in-Chief Louise Welbanks. (2000). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities, 2000 (25th ed.). Canadian Pharmaceutical Assn. ISBN 0-919115-76-4.
- Official Aricept product site
- Aricept entry at Drugs.com
- http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20081395
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